{"id":2728,"date":"2022-03-29T17:05:57","date_gmt":"2022-03-29T17:05:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hjog.org\/?p=2728"},"modified":"2022-04-10T19:07:40","modified_gmt":"2022-04-10T19:07:40","slug":"_research-article-12-2-22","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hjog.org\/?p=2728","title":{"rendered":"Association of IL1B -511T>C, IL6 -634G>C, IL-6 -174G > C, miR -149 T>C AND miR-27aA>G gene polymorphisms with recurrent pregnancy loss risk in greek population"},"content":{"rendered":"

Research<\/span><\/p>\n

HJOG 2022, 21 (1), 15-24| doi: 10.33574\/hjog.0402<\/p>\n

Sofoklis Stavros1<\/sup>*, Despoina Mavrogianni1<\/sup>, Lamprini Ntetsika1<\/sup>, Peter Drakakis1,2<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n

1<\/span><\/sup>Molecular Biology of Reproduction Unit and Recurrent Abortions Unit, Assisted Reproduction Unit,
\n1st<\/sup> Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Alexandra General Hospital of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
\n<\/span>2<\/span><\/sup>Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece<\/span><\/p>\n

*This Research is co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Social Fund- ESF) through the Operational Programme \u00abHuman Resources Development, Education and Lifelong Learning\u00bb in the context of the project \u201cReinforcement of Postdoctoral Researchers – 2nd Cycle\u201d (MIS-5033021), implemented by the State Scholarships Foundation (IKY)<\/span><\/p>\n

Correspondence:\u00a0 <\/em>Sofoklis Stavros, MD PhD, Obstetrician and Gynecologist, Fellow of the 1st<\/sup> Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, \u00a0National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, General Hospital of Athens \u2018ALEXANDRA\u2019, Lourou and Vasilissis Sofias Ave, \u00a011528 Athens, Greece, Tel.: +306906725017, e-mail: sfstavrou@yahoo.com<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\n
Abstract<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Introduction<\/strong>: Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is defined as the spontaneous loss of two or more idiopathic consecutive clinical pregnancies prior to 22 completed weeks of gestation. Association of miRNA polymorphisms with RPL has been investigated as a genetic determinant for the risk of idiopathic RPL. Moreover, mutations in several interleukins\u2019 genes have been also related to RPL.<\/p>\n

Material and Methods<\/strong>: The study was carried out between September 2019 and September 2021 in Alexandra Maternity Hospital. Two hundred women with at least two consecutive spontaneous abortions (RPL) and 200 women as a control group who have completed one pregnancy were included in this study. Blood samples were collected from which genomic DNA was extracted, and PCR was performed to identify the IL1B -511T>C, IL6 -634G>C, IL-6 -174G > C, miR -149 T>C AND miR-27aA>G genotypes.<\/p>\n

Results<\/strong>: Of the 5 genes tested, genotype and group correlation were found in IL-1b-511 and miR-27. In specific, in the IL-1b-511 gene, cases have a 77.2% statistically significantly higher relative probability of having the polymorphism (CC genotype) than the control group (OR = 1.772, p = 0.007). In addition, in the miR-27 gene, cases are 3.2 times statistically significantly more likely to have polymorphism (GG) compared to controls (OR = 3.283, p <0.001).<\/p>\n

Conclusions<\/strong>: A genetic panel related to recurrent abortions is proposed. Gynecologists and researchers may apply it to establish a personalized treatment in women with RPL. The establishment of genetic panels related to infertility issues leads to more efficient solutions for the achievement of a pregnancy.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/em> IL1B -511T>C, IL6 -634G>C, IL-6 -174G > C, miR -149 T>C ,miR-27aA>G, polymorphisms, RPL<\/p>\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is defined as the spontaneous loss of two or more idiopathic consecutive clinical pregnancies prior to 22 completed weeks of gestation according to American Society of Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE), and several medical societies guidelines1,2<\/sup>. Due to its vast and its poorly defined etiology though, it remains a great challenge of reproductive medicine. In addition, 1\u20135% of couples trying to conceive may be suffer a recurrent pregnancy loss3<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Although the underlying cause of RPL is often unknown, a battery of environmental and biological causes has been related with increased incidence of RPL4<\/sup>. Chromosomal abnormalities, uterine anatomical anomalies, endocrine dysfunction and maternal infections, inherited thrombophilia have all been implicated as etiologic factors5-8<\/sup>, including genetic variants9,10<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Posttranscriptional target genes regulation is solid associated with microRNAs. Maintenance of stem cell-ness and modulation of differentiation are imperative regulatory functions served by microRNAs. MiRNAs are short, single stranded RNA molecules of \u223c\u200522 nucleotide (20 to 24 nucleotides); they are also noncoding small regulatory RNAs locating into the RNA induced silencing complex, recognizing the 3-untranslated region (3\u2019-UTR) of target mRNAs, and thereby downregulate the gene expression through RNA silencing mechanisms, including translational inhibition and mRNA degradation11<\/sup>. More than 60% of all human protein-coding transcripts have been estimated that are under control of miRNAs12<\/sup>. Hence, a wide range of biological processes including cell differentiation, cell cycle progression, and programmed cell death is subject to miRNA-dependent regulation13<\/sup>. In addition, it is notable that miRNAs play pivotal and critical roles, implicating in processes related to the embryo implantation, embryo-maternal communication, pregnancy establishment, and embryo development14-16<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Recently, the association of miR-149 T\u2005>\u2005C (rs2292832), polymorphisms with RPL has also been investigated as a genetic determinant for the risk of idiopathic RPL17<\/sup>. In addition, a recent study showed an association between the miR-27a variant G allele and a lower RPL risk18<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Moreover, mutations in several interleukins\u2019 genes have been also related to RPL; these interleukins are implicated to different functions such as the regulation of\u00a0 inflammatory and immune processes. Polymorphisms in interleukins (IL-1A, IL1B, IL-6, IL-18 and IL-10) are associated with increased risk of RPL based on previous epidemiological studies19<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

In specific, interleukin 6 (IL6) is an interleukin that acts as both a pro-inflammatory cytokine and an anti-inflammatory myokine. The human IL-6 gene is located to chromosome 7p21-24, consists of five exons, four introns, and a proximal promoter region of 303 bp19<\/sup>. In 2019, a recent metanalysis by Salimi and colleagues revealed that the IL-6 -174 G > C, -634 G > C polymorphisms might contribute to the susceptibility of RPL20<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Interleukin-1 (IL1) is a proinflammatory cytokine with multiple biological consequences, stimulating several events, such as B cell maturation and proliferation, helper T cell costimulation, and NK cell activation21<\/sup>. A recent study by Kim end colleagues in 2014, confirmed that women with a history of RPL had a higher proportion or total number of CD16 CD56 NK cells in the peripheral blood4<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Three proteins (IL1\u03b1, IL1\u03b2, and their naturally occurring inhibitor IL1RN) are encoded by IL1 gene family mapped on chromosome 2q13-14. lL1\u03b2 protein is produced by Interleukin1\u03b2 (IL1\u03b2, rs16944) gene; that protein is a proinflammatory cytokine implicated in both acute and chronic inflammation. A transition from C to T (in the minus strand) or in G to A (in the plus strand) promoter region at \u2212 511 position\u00a0\u00a0 has been associated with increased transcriptional activity4,22<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Material and Methods<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Study Participants<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

The study was carried out between September 2019 and September 2021 in Alexandra Maternity Hospital. Two hundred women with at least two consecutive spontaneous abortions (RPL) and 200 women as a control group who have completed one pregnancy were included in this study. RPL group (n=200) with an age range between 25-40 were compared with the control group (n=200) formed from healthy singleton pregnancies, without any pregnancy complications. The study was approved by the local ethical committee in our hospital and informed consent was obtained from all participants. This research is co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Social Fund- ESF) through the Operational Programme \u00abHuman Resources Development, Education and Lifelong Learning\u00bb in the context of the project \u201cReinforcement of Postdoctoral Researchers – 2nd Cycle\u201d (MIS-5033021), implemented by the State Scholarships Foundation (\u0399\u039a\u03a5)<\/p>\n

Genotyping<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Genetic material (DNA) was extracted from peripheral blood of women with RPL and controls, respectively, using the Monarch Genomic DNA Purification kit (New England Biolabs). Il-6 634G>C, Il-6 174G>C, Il1\u03b2511T>C, miR149(rs2292832), miR27a<\/em> (rs895819) <\/em>polymorphisms were genotyped in both groups performing Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR) with the use of New England Biolabs Taq Polymerase and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism analysis (RFLP). The primers for each Single Nucleotide Polyrosphism were as follows:IL-1\u03b2(-511T>C) F5\u2019TGGCATTGATCTGGTTCATC3\u2019,R 5\u2019GTTTAGGAATCTTCCCACTT3\u2019 Restriction enzyme:AvaI)23,24<\/sup> IL-6 (-634 C>G) F5\u2019GAGAGGCCTTGAAGTAACTG3\u2019,R5\u2019AACCAAAGATGTTCTGAACTGA3\u2019 Restriction enzyme:BsrBI)23,24<\/sup> IL-6 (-174G>C) F, 5\u2019GGAGTCACACACTCCACCT3\u2019,R 5\u2019GTGGGGCTGATTGGAAACC3\u2019 Restriction enzyme:SfaNI23-25<\/sup>, miR149 F 5\u2032-TGTCTTCACTCCCGTGCTTGTCC-3\u2032 R 5\u2032-TGAGGCCCGAAACACCCGTA-3\u2032 (Restriction enzyme PvuII)17<\/sup>, miR27a F<\/em> 5\u2019-GAACTTAGCCACTGTGAACACCACTTG G3\u2019 R 5\u2019-TTGCTTCCTGTCACAAATCACATT G-3\u2019 Restrictionenzyme:DraIII18<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

The PCR and RFLP products were analysed on 3% agarose gel.\u00a0 Statistical analysis was performed via chi-squared test.<\/p>\n

Statistical analysis<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Statistical methods<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

To check the difference in the distribution of genotypes in the two groups, the non-parametric Chi-square control and the Fisher\u2019s exact test on a case-by-case basis (Fisher\u2019s exact test) were used. Similarly, a Chi-square test was used to test the correlation between each other and the group. The SPSS version 20 software as well as the website of the Munich Institute of Human Genetics http:\/\/ihg.gsf.de were used for the organization and analysis of the data. The level of statistical significance was set at 5%.<\/p>\n

Results<\/strong><\/h5>\n

In the control group, the percentages of women homozygous for the wild type allele, , women heterozygous, IL-6-634CG and women homozygous for the IL6 -634G>C polymorphism, were 67,5%, 17%, and 15,5%, respectively. In the group of patients with recurrent spontaneous miscarriages, the percentages were 67,3 %, 18,1% and 14,6% respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (Table 1<\/a>, Figure 1). As far as the IL-6 -174G > C polymorphism is concerned, in the control group, 146 (73,0%) women were homozygous for the wild type allele, 48 (24,0%) women were heterozygous, and 6 (3,0%) women were homozygous for the IL-6 -174G > C polymorphism. In the group of patients with recurrent spontaneous miscarriages, the percentages were 65,8%, 28,6% and 5,5 % respectively (Table2<\/a>, Figure 2). Similarly, no statistically significant difference between the two groups was observed. Interestingly, a statistically significant difference between the two groups was unraveled as for the IL1B -511T>C polymorphism. In specific, in the control group, 82 (41,0%) women were homozygous for the wild type allele, , 63 (31,5%) women were heterozygous, IL1B -511TC and 55 (27,5%) women were homozygous for the IL1B -511T>C polymorphism. In the group of patients with recurrent spontaneous miscarriages, the percentages were 30,7%, 29,1% and 40,2% respectively. In the IL-1b-511 gene, cases have a 77.2% statistically significantly higher relative probability of having the polymorphism (CC genotype) than the control group (OR = 1.772, p = 0.007) (Table 3<\/a>, Figure 3).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 1.<\/strong> Genotype distribution for IL-6-634 per group.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 2.<\/strong> Genotype distribution for IL-6-174 per group.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 3.<\/strong> Genotype distribution for IL-1\u03b2-511 per group.<\/p>\n

In the group of patients with recurrent spontaneous miscarriages, 102 women (51,3% ) were homozygous for the wild type allele, miR-149TT, 68 women (34,2%) were heterozygous, miR-149TC, while 29 women\u00a0 (14,6%) were revealed homozygous for the miR -149 T>C polymorphism, miR-499CC. The frequencies of miR-499CC (OR= 0,896, Pvalue= 0,692, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 0,519 – 1,546) genotype were not higher in patients with at least two consecutive spontaneous miscarriages than control group and the difference was not statistically significant (Table 4<\/a>, Figure 4). On the other hand, in the group of patients with recurrent spontaneous miscarriages, 58 women (29,1%) were homozygous for the wild type allele, miR-27aAA, 90 women (45,2%) were heterozygous, miR-27aAG, while 51 women (25,6% were revealed homozygous for the miR-27aA>G polymorphism, miR-27a GG. The frequencies of miR-27a GG (OR= 3,283, Pvalue<0,001, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 1,857 – 5,804) genotype were higher in patients with at least two consecutive spontaneous miscarriages than control group and the difference was statistically significant. In specific, patients with recurrent abortions are 3.2 times statistically significantly more likely to have polymorphism (GG) compared to controls (OR = 3.283, p <0.001) (Table 5<\/a>, Figure 5).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 4.<\/strong> Genotype distribution for miR-149 per group.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 5.<\/strong> Genotype distribution for miR-27 per group.<\/p>\n

Statistical Inference<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Of the 5 genes tested, genotype and group correlation was found in IL-1b-511 and miR-27.<\/p>\n

Specifically :<\/p>\n

A) In the IL-1b-511 gene, cases have a 77.2% statistically significantly higher relative probability of having the polymorphism (CC genotype) than the control group (OR = 1.772, p = 0.007).<\/p>\n

B) In the miR-27 gene, cases are 3.2 times statistically significantly more likely to have polymorphism (GG) compared to controls (OR = 3.283, p <0.001).<\/p>\n

Discussion<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Our results showed an association between IL1\u03b2 \u2013 511CC and recurrent abortions. Several studies have shown an increased risk of miscarriage. According to a study conducted by Wang and colleagues, IL1\u03b2 \u2013 511CC polymorphism has been associated with susceptibility to recurrent miscarriages (Th1 trophoblast immunity) in the Caucasian population26<\/sup>. Moreover, a meta-analysis by Zhang and colleagues in 2017 (21 scientific studies) showed that IL – 1\u03b2 511T \/ C polymorphism is consistently correlated with RPLs27<\/sup>. In addition, Ma and colleagues in 2017 also showed that IL1\u03b2-511CC polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of recurrent miscarriages (OR = 1,377) in the Chinese population23<\/sup>. Also, Alkhuriji and colleagues in 2020 showed a statistically significant difference in the frequency of TT genotype in women from Saudi Arabia with RPL without PCOS (p = 0, 047)28<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

On the contrary, there are studies that have not associated this polymorphism with subsequent miscarriages. In specific, Linjawi and colleagues in 2005 showed that there is no correlation between that polymorphism and recurrent miscarriages in the Caucasian population29<\/sup>. In addition, a systematic Review by Bombell and McGuire in 2008 showed no statistically significant correlation of that polymorphism with RPLs30<\/sup>. Similarly, the same year, Choi and Kwak-Kim in a review concluded that it is quite unlikely that a single polymorphism is the main cause of RPL31<\/sup>. Ma et al., 2011 showed no statistically significant correlation of polymorphism with RPLs in Chinese population32<\/sup>. A study by Ali Rahmani in 2018 did not led to statistically significant differences between alleles and genotypic frequencies. IL1\u03b2-511T \/ C polymorphism may not be involved or play a functional role in recurrent abortions in the Iranian population33<\/sup>. However, in our study, we did not find a statistically significant association between IL6 -634 and IL-6 -174 genotypes and RPL risk. On the contrary, recent studies have shown that there is an association between the above genotypes and the risk of PRL. In specific, Zhang and colleagues in 2017 via a meta-analysis (3 articles, 303 RPL patients and 314 controls), showed that there is an increased risk of recurrent miscarriages in the group of IL \u2013 6 634 G > C (rs1800796) (p <0.0001, OR = 2.91)27<\/sup>. Similarly, Salimi and colleagues in 2020 through a meta-analysis (7 studies, 1523 patients and 1554 controls) showed an association of IL \u2013 6 634 G > C polymorphism with increased risk for RPL20<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Moreover, a statistically significant difference has unraveled regarding the AND miR-27aA>G gene polymorphism. The effects of miRNA polymorphisms on pregnancy loss have been reported in a limited number of studies. Functional analyses indicated that the variant genotypes of miR-27a, AG, and GG might be responsible for the elevated miR-27a levels34<\/sup>. Similarly, a recent case control study conducted by Rah and colleagues involving 225 controls and 387 women with at least two consecutively recurrent pregnancy losses between 1999 and 2012 showed associations between miRNA polymorphisms (miR-27a rs895819 and miR-449b rs10061133) and RPL development, and between the miRNA polymorphism (miR-27a rs895819) and plasma folate levels. However, in our study, we did not find a statistically significant association between miR-149 genotypes and RPL risk.<\/p>\n

Conclusions<\/strong><\/h5>\n

The above results are of major importance, as they propose a genetic panel related to recurrent abortions. Consequently gynecologists and researchers may apply it to establish a personalized treatment in women with RPL. The establishment of genetic panels related to infertility issues leads to more efficient solutions for the achievement of a pregnancy.<\/p>\n

Supporting agency(ies)<\/strong>: This research is co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Social Fund- ESF) through the Operational Programme \u00abHuman Resources Development, Education and Lifelong Learning\u00bb in the context of the project \u201cReinforcement of Postdoctoral Researchers – 2nd Cycle\u201d (MIS-5033021), implemented by the State Scholarships Foundation (IKY).<\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/h5>\n

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\n33. Ali Rahmani S, Paknejad Z, Mohammadkhanlou M, Daneshparvar M. Association of of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RN) and interleukin-1\u03b2 genes (IL-1\u03b2) polymorphisms with recurrent pregnancy loss in Iranian Azeri women. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig. 2017;33(3):\/j\/hmbci.2018.33.issue-3\/hmbci-2017-0044\/hmbci-2017-0044.xml.
\n34. Sun Q, Gu H, Zeng Y, Xia Y, Wang Y, Jing Y, et al. Hsa-mir-27a genetic variant contributes to gastric cancer susceptibility through affecting miR-27a and target gene expression. Cancer Sci. 2010;101:2241\u20137.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sofoklis Stavros, Despoina Mavrogianni, Lamprini Ntetsika, Peter Drakakis<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Introduction: Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is defined as the spontaneous loss of two or more idiopathic consecutive clinical pregnancies prior to 22 completed weeks of gestation. Association of miRNA polymorphisms with RPL has been investigated as a genetic determinant for the risk of idiopathic RPL. Moreover, mutations in several interleukins\u2019 genes have been also related to RPL …<\/p>\n

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